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Protect A Life

  • 1 in order to protect the life and health

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > in order to protect the life and health

  • 2 to preserve life

    to preserve (to protect, to defend/to shelter) life сохранять (оберегать, защищать) жизнь

    English-Russian combinatory dictionary > to preserve life

  • 3 Pyramid Texts (Collection of Egyptian mortuary prayers, hymns, and spells intended to protect a dead king and ensure life and sustenance in the hereafter)

    Религия: "Тексты пирамид"

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > Pyramid Texts (Collection of Egyptian mortuary prayers, hymns, and spells intended to protect a dead king and ensure life and sustenance in the hereafter)

  • 4 PAL

    4) Шутливое выражение: Personal Android Lackey
    5) Метеорология: Present Atmospheric Level
    6) Железнодорожный термин: Paducah and Louisville Railroad
    7) Юридический термин: Police At Last, Protect A Life, patent associated literature
    9) Финансы: provisional allotment letter
    10) Страхование: Particular average loss
    11) Ветеринария: People And Animals Learning
    12) Телекоммуникации: Phase Alternate Line (television)
    13) Сокращение: Pahlavi, Panoramic Annular Lens (Sniper detection/location device), Paradox Application Language, Parcel Air Lift mail service (military space available mail), Phase Alternation Line, Phase Alternation Line-rate, Portable Advanced Laser, Portable, Accurate, Lightweight, Postal Advertising Label (New Zealand Post creates for private concerns, 2004), Postal Answer Line, Psycho-Acoustical Laboratory, Police Athletic League, Paid for Added Luxury, Pale and Lifeless, Peace At Last, Price/Availability List
    14) Физиология: Power- Assisted Liposuction
    15) Электроника: Phase Alternate Line
    16) Вычислительная техника: Programming Application Language, program assembly language, programmable array logic, programmed application library, Paradox Application Language (Borland, DB), Privileged Architecture Library (DEC, Alpha), библиотека прикладных программ, язык программирования приложений Paradox
    17) Нефть: pipe analysis log
    21) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: pressure alarm low
    23) Сетевые технологии: phase alternating line
    24) Авиационная медицина: psychoacoustical laboratory
    25) Безопасность: Personal Access List
    26) Расширение файла: Color palette, Programmed Array Logic, Programming Assembly Language, Paradox Applications Language (Borland), Palette file (Microsoft Draw, Win. Paintbrush)
    27) Майкрософт: стандарт PAL
    28) Общественная организация: Physicians Against Landmines
    31) Программное обеспечение: Palmtop Application Library

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > PAL

  • 5 Pal

    4) Шутливое выражение: Personal Android Lackey
    5) Метеорология: Present Atmospheric Level
    6) Железнодорожный термин: Paducah and Louisville Railroad
    7) Юридический термин: Police At Last, Protect A Life, patent associated literature
    9) Финансы: provisional allotment letter
    10) Страхование: Particular average loss
    11) Ветеринария: People And Animals Learning
    12) Телекоммуникации: Phase Alternate Line (television)
    13) Сокращение: Pahlavi, Panoramic Annular Lens (Sniper detection/location device), Paradox Application Language, Parcel Air Lift mail service (military space available mail), Phase Alternation Line, Phase Alternation Line-rate, Portable Advanced Laser, Portable, Accurate, Lightweight, Postal Advertising Label (New Zealand Post creates for private concerns, 2004), Postal Answer Line, Psycho-Acoustical Laboratory, Police Athletic League, Paid for Added Luxury, Pale and Lifeless, Peace At Last, Price/Availability List
    14) Физиология: Power- Assisted Liposuction
    15) Электроника: Phase Alternate Line
    16) Вычислительная техника: Programming Application Language, program assembly language, programmable array logic, programmed application library, Paradox Application Language (Borland, DB), Privileged Architecture Library (DEC, Alpha), библиотека прикладных программ, язык программирования приложений Paradox
    17) Нефть: pipe analysis log
    21) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: pressure alarm low
    23) Сетевые технологии: phase alternating line
    24) Авиационная медицина: psychoacoustical laboratory
    25) Безопасность: Personal Access List
    26) Расширение файла: Color palette, Programmed Array Logic, Programming Assembly Language, Paradox Applications Language (Borland), Palette file (Microsoft Draw, Win. Paintbrush)
    27) Майкрософт: стандарт PAL
    28) Общественная организация: Physicians Against Landmines
    31) Программное обеспечение: Palmtop Application Library

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > Pal

  • 6 pal

    4) Шутливое выражение: Personal Android Lackey
    5) Метеорология: Present Atmospheric Level
    6) Железнодорожный термин: Paducah and Louisville Railroad
    7) Юридический термин: Police At Last, Protect A Life, patent associated literature
    9) Финансы: provisional allotment letter
    10) Страхование: Particular average loss
    11) Ветеринария: People And Animals Learning
    12) Телекоммуникации: Phase Alternate Line (television)
    13) Сокращение: Pahlavi, Panoramic Annular Lens (Sniper detection/location device), Paradox Application Language, Parcel Air Lift mail service (military space available mail), Phase Alternation Line, Phase Alternation Line-rate, Portable Advanced Laser, Portable, Accurate, Lightweight, Postal Advertising Label (New Zealand Post creates for private concerns, 2004), Postal Answer Line, Psycho-Acoustical Laboratory, Police Athletic League, Paid for Added Luxury, Pale and Lifeless, Peace At Last, Price/Availability List
    14) Физиология: Power- Assisted Liposuction
    15) Электроника: Phase Alternate Line
    16) Вычислительная техника: Programming Application Language, program assembly language, programmable array logic, programmed application library, Paradox Application Language (Borland, DB), Privileged Architecture Library (DEC, Alpha), библиотека прикладных программ, язык программирования приложений Paradox
    17) Нефть: pipe analysis log
    21) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: pressure alarm low
    23) Сетевые технологии: phase alternating line
    24) Авиационная медицина: psychoacoustical laboratory
    25) Безопасность: Personal Access List
    26) Расширение файла: Color palette, Programmed Array Logic, Programming Assembly Language, Paradox Applications Language (Borland), Palette file (Microsoft Draw, Win. Paintbrush)
    27) Майкрософт: стандарт PAL
    28) Общественная организация: Physicians Against Landmines
    31) Программное обеспечение: Palmtop Application Library

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > pal

  • 7 Article 74

    1. In the territory of the Russian Federation it shall not be allowed to establish customs borders, dues or any other barriers for a free flow of goods, services and financial resources.
    2. Limitations on the transfer of goods and services may be introduced according to the federal law, if it is necessary to ensure security, protect the life and health of people, protect nature and cultural values. __________ <На русском языке см. [ref dict="The Constitution of Russia (Russian)"]Статья 74[/ref]> <На немецком языке см. [ref dict="The Constitution of Russia (German)"]Artikel 74[/ref]> <На французском языке см. [ref dict="The Constitution of Russia (French)"]Article 74[/ref]>

    The Constitution of Russia. English-Russian dictionary > Article 74

  • 8 Asylum

    subs.
    Place of refuge: P. and V. καταφυγή, ἡ, ἀποστροφή, ἡ, P. ἀποφυγή, ἡ.
    Protection, subs.: P. and V. φυλακή, ἡ.
    Right of asylum: see Sanctuary.
    What stranger will protect my life, offering an asylum and a home where I may be safe? V. τίς γῆν ἄσυλον καὶ δόμους ἐχεγγύους ξένος παρασχὼν ῥύσεται τοὐμὸν δέμας; (Eur., Med. 387).

    Woodhouse English-Greek dictionary. A vocabulary of the Attic language > Asylum

  • 9 guard

    I [gɑːd]
    1) (for person) sorvegliante m. e f.; (for place, object) custode m. e f., guardiano m. (-a), sorvegliante m. e f.
    2) (at prison) guardiano m. (-a); (soldier) guardia f.
    3) mil. (duty) guardia f.

    to go on, come off guard — montare, smontare di guardia

    to keep o stand guard fare la guardia ( over a); the changing of the guard — BE il cambio della guardia

    to drop o lower one's guard abbassare la guardia; to catch sb. off guard cogliere qcn. di sorpresa o alla sprovvista; to be on one's guard — stare in guardia

    5) (group of soldiers, police)

    under an armed guard — sotto scorta o sorveglianza armata

    6) BE ferr. capotreno m. e f.
    7) (for safety) dispositivo m. di sicurezza; (on printer) coperchio m. di protezione; (on industrial machinery) cofano m., schermo m. di protezione
    8) (in Ireland) (policeman) poliziotto m.
    II [gɑːd]
    1) (protect) sorvegliare, fare la guardia a [ place]; custodire [ object]; difendere, proteggere [ person]

    to guard sth. with one's life — difendere qcs. a costo della propria vita

    2) (prevent from escaping) sorvegliare, fare la guardia a [ prisoner]
    3) (from discovery) custodire [ secret]
    •
    * * *
    1. verb
    1) (to protect from danger or attack: The soldiers were guarding the king/palace.) fare la guardia
    2) (to prevent (a person) escaping, (something) happening: The soldiers guarded their prisoners; to guard against mistakes.) sorvegliare
    2. noun
    1) (someone who or something which protects: a guard round the king; a guard in front of the fire.) guardia
    2) (someone whose job is to prevent (a person) escaping: There was a guard with the prisoner every hour of the day.) guardia
    3) ((American conductor) a person in charge of a train.) capotreno
    4) (the act or duty of guarding.) vigilanza
    •
    - guardedly
    - guard of honour
    - keep guard on
    - keep guard
    - off guard
    - on guard
    - stand guard
    * * *
    I [gɑːd]
    1) (for person) sorvegliante m. e f.; (for place, object) custode m. e f., guardiano m. (-a), sorvegliante m. e f.
    2) (at prison) guardiano m. (-a); (soldier) guardia f.
    3) mil. (duty) guardia f.

    to go on, come off guard — montare, smontare di guardia

    to keep o stand guard fare la guardia ( over a); the changing of the guard — BE il cambio della guardia

    to drop o lower one's guard abbassare la guardia; to catch sb. off guard cogliere qcn. di sorpresa o alla sprovvista; to be on one's guard — stare in guardia

    5) (group of soldiers, police)

    under an armed guard — sotto scorta o sorveglianza armata

    6) BE ferr. capotreno m. e f.
    7) (for safety) dispositivo m. di sicurezza; (on printer) coperchio m. di protezione; (on industrial machinery) cofano m., schermo m. di protezione
    8) (in Ireland) (policeman) poliziotto m.
    II [gɑːd]
    1) (protect) sorvegliare, fare la guardia a [ place]; custodire [ object]; difendere, proteggere [ person]

    to guard sth. with one's life — difendere qcs. a costo della propria vita

    2) (prevent from escaping) sorvegliare, fare la guardia a [ prisoner]
    3) (from discovery) custodire [ secret]
    •

    English-Italian dictionary > guard

  • 10 preserve

    pri'zə:v
    1. verb
    1) (to keep safe from harm: (May) Heaven preserve us from danger!) proteger, guardar
    2) (to keep in existence: They have managed to preserve many old documents.) conservar
    3) (to treat (food), eg by cooking it with sugar, so that it will not go bad: What is the best method of preserving raspberries?) conservar

    2. noun
    1) (an activity, kind of work etc in which only certain people are allowed to take part.) dominio, terreno
    2) (a place where game animals, birds etc are protected: a game preserve.) coto (de caza)
    3) (jam: blackberry jam and other preserves.) confitura
    •
    - preservative
    preserve vb conservar / preservar
    tr[prɪ'zɜːv]
    1 SMALLCOOKERY/SMALL (fruit) conserva; (jam) confitura, mermelada
    2 (hunting area) coto, vedado
    3 (activity) dominio, terreno; (responsibility) incumbencia
    1 (building, manuscript, wood, leather) conservar; (specimen) conservar, preservar; (food) conservar; (fruit) poner en conserva; (standards, dignity, sense of humour) mantener
    2 (save, protect) proteger
    3 SMALLSPORT/SMALL (game, fishing, etc) proteger
    preserve [pri'zərv] vt, - served ; - serving
    1) protect: proteger, preservar
    2) : conservar (los alimentos, etc.)
    3) maintain: conservar, mantener
    1) or preserves npl
    : conserva f
    peach preserves: duraznos en conserva
    2) : coto m
    game preserve: coto de caza
    n.
    • compota s.f.
    • confitura s.f.
    • conserva s.f.
    • coto s.m.
    • vedado s.m.
    v.
    • confitar v.
    • conservar v.
    • escapar v.
    • guardar v.
    • guarecer v.
    • preservar v.
    • retener v.
    (§pres: -tengo, -tienes...-tenemos) pret: -tuv-
    fut/c: -tendr-•)

    I prɪ'zɜːrv, prɪ'zɜːv
    1)
    a) \<\<food\>\> conservar; \<\<specimen\>\> conservar, preservar
    b) ( Culin) \<\<fruit/vegetables\>\> hacer* conserva de
    c) ( maintain) \<\<buildingaditions\>\> conservar; \<\<dignity\>\> conservar, mantener*
    2) ( protect) (liter) proteger*

    to preserve somebody FROM something — proteger* a alguien de algo


    II
    1) c
    a) (exclusive privilege, sphere)

    to be a male preserve — ser* terreno or coto exclusivamente masculino, ser* terreno vedado a las mujeres

    game preserve — coto m or vedado m de caza

    wildlife preserve — (AmE) reserva f de animales

    2) ( Culin)
    a) u c (jam, jelly) confitura f, mermelada f
    b) u c ( fruit in syrup) (BrE) conserva f
    [prɪ'zɜːv]
    1. VT
    1) (=keep in existence) [+ endangered species, jobs, language] proteger, preservar; [+ customs, silence, reputation] conservar, mantener; [+ sense of humour, memory] conservar

    as a doctor, it was my duty to preserve life — como médico, era mi deber salvar vidas

    2) (=keep from decay) [+ object, environment, meat] conservar

    perfectly preserved medieval houses — casas fpl medievales en perfecto estado

    aspic, well-preserved
    3) (esp Brit) (Culin) (=bottle, pickle etc) [+ fruit] hacer conservas de; [+ meat, fish] conservar
    4) (=protect)
    a) (gen) proteger

    to preserve sth from/against sth — proteger algo de algo

    b) (in prayers, wishes)

    God or Heaven or saints preserve us! — ¡que Dios nos ampare!

    heaven preserve us from little boys — hum que Dios nos proteja de los niños

    5) (for private hunting, fishing) [+ game] proteger
    2. N
    1) (Culin) (singular) (=jam) mermelada f, confitura f ; (=bottled fruit, chutney) conserva f

    damson preserve — mermelada f or confitura f de ciruela damascena

    2) (Culin)
    preserves conservas fpl
    3) (=restricted area)
    a) (Hunting) coto m, vedado m ; (for wildlife) reserva f ; game I, 4., wildlife 2.
    b) (fig) dominio m
    * * *

    I [prɪ'zɜːrv, prɪ'zɜːv]
    1)
    a) \<\<food\>\> conservar; \<\<specimen\>\> conservar, preservar
    b) ( Culin) \<\<fruit/vegetables\>\> hacer* conserva de
    c) ( maintain) \<\<building/traditions\>\> conservar; \<\<dignity\>\> conservar, mantener*
    2) ( protect) (liter) proteger*

    to preserve somebody FROM something — proteger* a alguien de algo


    II
    1) c
    a) (exclusive privilege, sphere)

    to be a male preserve — ser* terreno or coto exclusivamente masculino, ser* terreno vedado a las mujeres

    game preserve — coto m or vedado m de caza

    wildlife preserve — (AmE) reserva f de animales

    2) ( Culin)
    a) u c (jam, jelly) confitura f, mermelada f
    b) u c ( fruit in syrup) (BrE) conserva f

    English-spanish dictionary > preserve

  • 11 defend

    v защищать, оборонять: to defend smb, smth against smb, smth — защищать кого-либо, что-либо от кого-либо, чего-либо Русскому защищать соответствуют английские to defend, to guard, to keep guard over smth и to protect. To defend подразумевает защиту от непосредственно угрожающей опасности:

    They defended the city to the last — Они защищали город до последнего.

    Глагол to protect предполагает предохранение от возможной опасности, от разрушительного действия или влияния:

    to protect children from catching cold — защищать (предохранять) детей от простуды,

    to protect one's eyes from the sun — защищать глаза от солнца.

    To guard smth и to keep guard over smth обозначают охранять, стоять на страже, сторожить:

    to guard smb's life (one's reputation), to guard prisoners — охранять чью-либо жизнь (репутацию), сторожить пленных.

    English-Russian word troubles > defend

  • 12 defend

    [dɪ'fend]
    v
    защищать, оборонять, стоять на страже

    The army prepared to defend the nation against attack by the enemy. — Армия приготовилась защищать страну от нападения врага.

    If you go alone into the forest, you'd better defend yourself with a knife. — Если пойдешь один в лес, захвати на всякий случай нож.

    CHOICE OF WORGS:

    Русскому глаголу защищать соответствуют английские глаголы to defend, to guard, to keep guard over smth и to protect. Глагол to defend подразумевает защиту от непосредственно угрожающей опасности: they defended the city to the last они защищали город до последнего. Глагол to protect предполагает предохранение от возможной опасности: to protect children from catching cold защищать/предохранять детей от простуды; to protect one's eyes from the sun защищать глаза от солнца. Глаголы to guars smth и to keep guard over smth обозначают охранять, стоять на страже, сторожить: to guard smb's life (one's reputation) охранять чью-либо жизнь (репутацию); to guard prisoners сторожить пленных

    - defend smb
    - defend one's country
    - defend one's opinion
    - defend oneself
    - defend smb, smth against attack

    English-Russian combinatory dictionary > defend

  • 13 nature reserve

    1. природный заповедник

     

    природный заповедник
    —
    [ http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]

    EN

    nature reserve
    Areas allocated to preserve and protect certain animals and plants, or both. They differ from national park, which are largely a place for public recreation, because they are provided exclusively to protect species for their own sake. Endangered species are increasingly being kept in nature reserves to prevent them from extinction, particularly in India, Indonesia and some African countries. Natural reserves were used once to preserve the animals that landowners hunted, but, in the 19th century, they became places where animals were kept to prevent them from dying out. Special refuges and sanctuaries are also often designated to protect certain species or groups of wild animals or plants, especially if their numbers and distribution have been significantly reduced. They also serve as a place for more plentiful species to rest, breed or winter. Many parts of the world also have marine and aquatic reserves to protect different species of sea or freshwater plant and animal life. (Source: WRIGHT)
    [http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]

    Тематики

    EN

    DE

    FR

    Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > nature reserve

  • 14 insure

    [ɪn'ʃɔː(r)] [AE -'ʃʊər]
    1) (protect) assicurare ( against contro)
    3) AE ensure
    * * *
    [in'ʃuə]
    (to arrange for the payment of a sum of money in the event of the loss of (something) or accident or injury to (someone): Is your car insured?; Employers have to insure employees against accident.) assicurare
    - insurance policy
    * * *
    [ɪn'ʃɔː(r)] [AE -'ʃʊər]
    1) (protect) assicurare ( against contro)
    3) AE ensure

    English-Italian dictionary > insure

  • 15 guard

    1. noun
    1) (Mil.): (guardsman) Wachtposten, der
    2) no pl. (Mil.): (group of soldiers) Wache, die; Wachmannschaft, die

    guard of honour — Ehrenwache, die; Ehrengarde, die

    3)

    Guards — (Brit. Mil.): (household troops) Garderegiment, das; Garde, die

    4) (watch; also Mil.) Wache, die

    keep or stand guard — Wache halten od. stehen

    keep or stand guard over — bewachen

    be on [one's] guard [against somebody/something] — (lit. or fig.) sich [vor jemandem/etwas] hüten

    be off [one's] guard — (fig.) nicht auf der Hut sein

    be caught or taken off guard or off one's guard [by something] — (fig.) [von etwas] überrascht werden

    put somebody on [his/her] guard — jemanden misstrauisch machen

    be [kept/held] under guard — unter Bewachung stehen

    keep or hold/put under guard — bewachen/unter Bewachung stellen

    5) (Brit. Railw.) [Zug]schaffner, der/-schaffnerin, die
    6) (Amer.): (prison warder) [Gefängnis]wärter, der/-wärterin, die
    7) (safety device) Schutz, der; Schutzvorrichtung, die; (worn on body) Schutz, der
    8) (posture) (Boxing, Fencing) Deckung, die

    drop or lower one's guard — die Deckung fallen lassen; (fig.) seine Reserve aufgeben

    2. transitive verb
    (watch over) bewachen; (keep safe) hüten [Geheimnis, Schatz]; schützen [Leben]; beschützen [Prominenten]
    Phrasal Verbs:
    - academic.ru/87612/guard_against">guard against
    * * *
    1. verb
    1) (to protect from danger or attack: The soldiers were guarding the king/palace.) bewachen
    2) (to prevent (a person) escaping, (something) happening: The soldiers guarded their prisoners; to guard against mistakes.) bewachen, sich hüten
    2. noun
    1) (someone who or something which protects: a guard round the king; a guard in front of the fire.) die Wache
    2) (someone whose job is to prevent (a person) escaping: There was a guard with the prisoner every hour of the day.) der Wächter
    3) ((American conductor) a person in charge of a train.) der Schaffner
    4) (the act or duty of guarding.) die Bewachung
    •
    - guarded
    - guardedly
    - guard of honour
    - keep guard on
    - keep guard
    - off guard
    - on guard
    - stand guard
    * * *
    [gɑ:d, AM gɑ:rd]
    I. n
    1. (person) Wache f; (sentry) Wachposten m
    border \guard Grenzsoldat(in) m(f), Grenzposten m
    gate \guard Wachposten m
    prison \guard AM Gefängniswärter(in) m(f), Gefängnisaufseher(in) m(f)
    security \guard Sicherheitsbeamte(r), -beamtin m, f; (man also) Wachmann m
    to be on [or keep] [or stand] \guard Wache halten [o stehen]
    to be under \guard unter Bewachung stehen, bewacht werden
    to keep \guard over sth/sb etw/jdn bewachen
    to post \guards Wachen aufstellen
    2. (defensive stance) Deckung f
    to be on one's \guard [against sth/sb] ( fig) [vor etw/jdm] auf der Hut sein, sich akk [vor etw/jdm] in Acht nehmen
    to be caught off one's \guard SPORT [von einem Schlag] unvorbereitet getroffen werden; ( fig) auf etw akk nicht vorbereitet [o gefasst] sein
    to drop [or lower] one's \guard SPORT seine Deckung vernachlässigen; ( fig) nicht [mehr] wachsam [o vorsichtig] [genug] sein
    to get in under sb's \guard SPORT jds Deckung durchbrechen; ( fig) jds Verteidigung außer Gefecht setzen; (get through to sb) jds Panzer durchdringen
    to let one's \guard slip SPORT seine Deckung fallenlassen; ( fig) alle Vorsicht außer Acht lassen
    3. (protective device) Schutz m, Schutzvorrichtung f
    face\guard Gesichtsschutz m
    fire\guard Kamingitter nt, Cheminéegitter nt SCHWEIZ, Schutzgitter nt
    4. BRIT (railway official) Zugbegleiter(in) m(f)
    chief \guard Zugführer(in) m(f)
    5. BRIT MIL (army regiment)
    ▪ the G\guards pl das Garderegiment, die Garde
    the Grenadier G\guards die Grenadiergarde
    II. vt
    ▪ to \guard sth/sb etw/jdn bewachen
    heavily \guarded scharf bewacht; (protect)
    ▪ to \guard sth/sb against sth/sb etw/jdn vor etw/jdm [be]schützen
    2. (keep secret)
    ▪ to \guard sth etw für sich akk behalten, etw nicht preisgeben
    a jealously [or closely] \guarded secret ein sorgsam gehütetes Geheimnis
    III. vi
    ▪ to \guard against sth sich akk vor etw dat schützen
    the best way to \guard against financial problems is to avoid getting into debt man schützt sich am besten vor finanziellen Problemen, indem man Schulden vermeidet
    * * *
    [gAːd]
    1. n
    1) (MIL) Wache f; (= single soldier) Wachtposten m, Wache f; (no pl = squad) Wachmannschaft f

    the Guards (Brit) — die Garde, das Garderegiment

    2) (= security guard) Sicherheitsbeamte(r) m/-beamtin f; (at factory gates, in park etc) Wächter(in) m(f); (esp US = prison guard) Gefängniswärter(in) m(f); (Brit RAIL) Schaffner(in) m(f), Zugbegleiter(in) m(f)
    3) (= watch ALSO MIL) Wache f

    to be under guard — bewacht werden; (person also) unter Bewachung or Aufsicht stehen

    to keep sb/sth under guard — jdn/etw bewachen

    to be on guard, to stand or keep guard — Wache halten or stehen

    to put a guard on sb/sth — jdn/etw bewachen lassen

    4) (BOXING, FENCING) Deckung f

    on guard! (Fencing) — en garde!

    to take guard — in Verteidigungsstellung gehen; (Cricket) in Schlagstellung gehen

    to drop or lower one's guard (lit) — seine Deckung vernachlässigen; (fig) seine Reserve aufgeben

    to have one's guard down (lit) — nicht gedeckt sein; (fig) nicht auf der Hut sein

    he caught his opponent off ( his) guard — er hat seinen Gegner mit einem Schlag erwischt, auf den er nicht vorbereitet or gefasst war

    the invitation caught me off guard —

    I was off ( my) guard when he mentioned that — ich war nicht darauf gefasst or vorbereitet, dass er das erwähnen würde

    to be on/off one's guard (against sth) (fig) ( — vor etw dat ) auf der/nicht auf der Hut sein

    to throw or put sb off his guard (lit) — jdn seine Deckung vernachlässigen lassen; (fig) jdn einlullen

    5) (= safety device, for protection) Schutz m (against gegen); (on machinery) Schutz(vorrichtung f) m; (= fire guard) Schutzgitter nt; (on foil) Glocke f; (on sword etc) Korb m
    6) (in basketball) Verteidigungsspieler(in) m(f)
    2. vt
    prisoner, place, valuables bewachen; treasure, secret, tongue hüten; machinery beaufsichtigen; luggage aufpassen auf (+acc); (= protect) (lit) person, place schützen (from, against vor +dat), abschirmen (from, against gegen); one's life schützen; one's reputation achten auf (+acc); (fig) child etc behüten, beschützen (from, against vor +dat)

    a closely guarded secret — ein gut or streng gehütetes Geheimnis

    * * *
    guard [ɡɑː(r)d]
    A v/t
    1. a) bewachen, wachen über (akk)
    b) behüten, beschützen ( beide:
    against, from vor dat):
    a carefully (closely) guarded secret ein sorgfältig (streng) gehütetes Geheimnis
    2. bewachen, beaufsichtigen
    3. sichern ( against gegen Missbrauch etc):
    guard sb’s interests jemandes Interessen wahren oder wahrnehmen
    4. beherrschen, im Zaum halten:
    guard your tongue! hüte deine Zunge!
    5. TECH (ab)sichern
    B v/i (against)
    a) auf der Hut sein, sich hüten oder schützen, sich in Acht nehmen (vor dat)
    b) Vorkehrungen treffen (gegen), vorbeugen (dat)
    C s
    1. a) MIL etc Wache f, (Wach)Posten m
    b) Wächter(in)
    c) Aufseher(in), Wärter(in)
    2. MIL Wachmannschaft f, Wache f
    3. Wache f, Bewachung f, Aufsicht f:
    be on guard Wache stehen;
    keep under close guard scharf bewachen;
    keep guard over sth etwas bewachen;
    be under heavy guard schwer bewacht werden;
    mount (keep, stand) guard MIL etc Wache beziehen (halten, stehen)
    4. fig Wachsamkeit f:
    put sb on their guard jemanden warnen;
    be on one’s guard auf der Hut sein, sich vorsehen ( beide:
    against vor dat);
    be off one’s guard nicht auf der Hut sein, unvorsichtig sein;
    throw sb off their guard jemanden überrumpeln; → fair1 B 9
    5. Garde f, (Leib)Wache f:
    guard of hono(u)r Ehrenwache
    6. Guards pl Br Garde(korps) f(n), -regiment n, (die) Wache
    7. BAHN
    a) Br Schaffner(in):
    guard’s van Dienstwagen m
    b) US Bahnwärter(in)
    8. Boxen, Fechten etc: Deckung f:
    lower one’s guard
    a) die Deckung herunternehmen,
    b) fig sich eine Blöße geben, nicht aufpassen;
    his guard is up (down) fig er ist (nicht) auf der Hut
    9. Basketball: Abwehrspieler(in)
    10. Schutzvorrichtung f, -gitter n, -blech n
    11. Buchbinderei: Falz m
    12. a) Stichblatt n (am Degen)
    b) Bügel m (am Gewehr)
    13. Vorsichtsmaßnahme f, Sicherung f
    * * *
    1. noun
    1) (Mil.): (guardsman) Wachtposten, der
    2) no pl. (Mil.): (group of soldiers) Wache, die; Wachmannschaft, die

    guard of honour — Ehrenwache, die; Ehrengarde, die

    3)

    Guards — (Brit. Mil.): (household troops) Garderegiment, das; Garde, die

    4) (watch; also Mil.) Wache, die

    keep or stand guard — Wache halten od. stehen

    keep or stand guard over — bewachen

    be on [one's] guard [against somebody/something] — (lit. or fig.) sich [vor jemandem/etwas] hüten

    be off [one's] guard — (fig.) nicht auf der Hut sein

    be caught or taken off guard or off one's guard [by something] — (fig.) [von etwas] überrascht werden

    put somebody on [his/her] guard — jemanden misstrauisch machen

    be [kept/held] under guard — unter Bewachung stehen

    keep or hold/put under guard — bewachen/unter Bewachung stellen

    5) (Brit. Railw.) [Zug]schaffner, der/-schaffnerin, die
    6) (Amer.): (prison warder) [Gefängnis]wärter, der/-wärterin, die
    7) (safety device) Schutz, der; Schutzvorrichtung, die; (worn on body) Schutz, der
    8) (posture) (Boxing, Fencing) Deckung, die

    drop or lower one's guard — die Deckung fallen lassen; (fig.) seine Reserve aufgeben

    2. transitive verb
    (watch over) bewachen; (keep safe) hüten [Geheimnis, Schatz]; schützen [Leben]; beschützen [Prominenten]
    Phrasal Verbs:
    * * *
    (train) n.
    Schaffner m. n.
    Schutz m.
    Schützer - m.
    Wache -n f.
    Wächter - m.
    Wärter - m. (against, from) v.
    bewachen (vor) v. v.
    bewachen v.
    schützen v.

    English-german dictionary > guard

  • 16 Historical Portugal

       Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.
       A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.
       Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140
       The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."
       In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.
       The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.
       Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385
       Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in
       Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.
       The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.
       Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580
       The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.
       The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.
       What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.
       By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.
       Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.
       The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.
       By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.
       In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.
       Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640
       Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.
       Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.
       On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.
       Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822
       Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.
       Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.
       In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the
       Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.
       Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.
       Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.
       Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910
       During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.
       Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.
       Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.
       Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.
       Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.
       As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.
       First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26
       Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.
       The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.
       Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.
       The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74
       During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."
       Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.
       For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),
       and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.
       The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.
       With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.
       During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.
       The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.
       At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.
       The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.
       Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76
       Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.
       Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.
       In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.
       In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.
       In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.
       The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until
       UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.
       Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000
       After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.
       From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.
       Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.
       Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.
       In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.
       In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.
       Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.
       Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.
       The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.
       Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.
       Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).
       All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.
       The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.
       After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.
       Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.
       Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.
       From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.
       Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.
       In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.
       An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal

  • 17 moral

    ˈmɔrəl
    1. сущ.
    1) мораль, назидание, наставление, поучение moral of/to the fable ≈ мораль басни to draw the moral ≈ извлекать мораль, урок Syn: lesson, precept
    2) мн. нравы;
    нравственность;
    моральные устои public moral s ≈ общественная мораль a person of loose morals ≈ морально неустойчивая личность to corrupt smb.'s moral ≈ разлагать кого-л. to protect, safeguard( public) moral ≈ охранять( общественные) нравы lax moral, loose moral ≈ распущенность strict moral ≈ строгие нравы
    3) мн. этика
    2. прил.
    1) а) моральный, нравственный;
    этический moral fibre ≈ моральная устойчивость moral code ≈ нравственные нормы moral philosophy ≈ этика б) духовный;
    внутренний, душевный moral victory ≈ моральная победа moral support ≈ моральная поддержка moral certainty ≈ внутренняя уверенность;
    отсутствие сомнения Syn: ethical
    2) высоконравственный, добродетельный;
    порядочный;
    благопристойный She is an extremely moral woman. ≈ Она чрезвычайно высоконравственная женщина. moral life ≈ добродетельная жизнь Syn: decent, righteous, self-righteous, virtuous
    3) менторский, наставительный, нравоучительный ∙ Ant: unethical, amoral, immoral мораль, поучение, нравоучение - a story with a * рассказ с моралью, нравоучительный рассказ - the * of the fable мораль басни - to draw the * (of an experience) извлекать мораль /урок/ (из происшедшего) - to point a * поучать pl нравы;
    нравственность;
    нравственный облик;
    правила, нормы нравственного поведения - bourgeois *s нравы буржуазного общества, буржуазная мораль - a man of good *s высоконравственный /порядочный/ человек, человек высокой морали - a man of loose *s распущенный человек - a man without *s безнравственный /аморальный/ человек (редкое) моральное состояние, боевой дух( войск) моральный, нравственный;
    этический - * standards моральные нормы - * question вопрос этики - the * sense умение дать правильную моральную оценку поступку и т. п. - * philosophy этика - I have no * right to do it я не имею морального права сделать это - it is not a criminal or * offence это не уголовное преступление и не преступление против морали (высоко) нравственный;
    добродетельный - a * person высоконравственный /добродетельный/ человек - a * life добродетельная жизнь - he is characterised by complete * honesty он кристально честный человек этичный, вежливый - * act этичный поступок духовный, моральный - a * victory моральная победа - * ascendancy( over the enemy) моральное превосходство (над противником) - tpo give smb. * support оказать кому-л. моральную поддержку внутренний, духовный - * courage духовные силы, сила духа - he had the * courage to refuse у него хватило силы духа отказать - * virtues внутренние /душевные/ качества, добродетели - a * certainty внутренняя уверенность;
    отсутствие сомнения - it is a * certainty that he will win он почти наверняка победит нравоучительный, наставительный - * book нравоучительная книга - * play (устаревшее) (театроведение) (историческое) моралите ~ поучение, мораль;
    to draw the moral извлекать мораль, урок moral добродетельный, высоконравственный;
    moral life добродетельная жизнь ~ духовный;
    внутренний;
    moral certainty внутренняя уверенность;
    отсутствие сомнения ~ мораль ~ моральный, нравственный;
    этический;
    духовный;
    moral code нравственные нормы;
    moral philosophy этика ~ моральный ~ нравоучительный ~ нравственный ~ pl нравы;
    нравственность;
    моральное состояние ~ поучение, мораль;
    to draw the moral извлекать мораль, урок ~ pl этика;
    the very moral (of smb.) разг. точная копия, вылитый портрет( кого-л.) ~ этический ~ духовный;
    внутренний;
    moral certainty внутренняя уверенность;
    отсутствие сомнения ~ моральный, нравственный;
    этический;
    духовный;
    moral code нравственные нормы;
    moral philosophy этика moral добродетельный, высоконравственный;
    moral life добродетельная жизнь ~ моральный, нравственный;
    этический;
    духовный;
    moral code нравственные нормы;
    moral philosophy этика philosophy: moral ~ этика ~ pl этика;
    the very moral (of smb.) разг. точная копия, вылитый портрет ( кого-л.)

    Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > moral

  • 18 secure

    sɪˈkjuə
    1. прил.
    1) а) уст. уверенный, самонадеянный б) уверенный (of - в чем-л.) Syn: confident
    2) а) тихий, спокойный б) обыкн. предик. сохранный, в надежном месте
    3) а) безопасный, надежный secure from/against attack ≈ защищенный от нападения б) прочный, верный;
    заслуживающий доверия secure investment secure foundation Syn: trustworthy, dependable в) фин. застрахованный
    4) гарантированный, точный, безоговорочный a secure victory ≈ безоговорочная победа Syn: assured, certain
    1.
    2. гл.
    1) а) охранять;
    защищать;
    оберегать( от чего-л.) to secure one's life ≈ защищать чью-л. жизнь Syn: guard
    2., protect б) воен. обеспечивать безопасность;
    укреплять (город и т. п.)
    2) а) гарантировать, обеспечивать б) фин. страховать в) в пасс. форме быть уверенным( в чем-л.) He was secured in the existence of soul. ≈ Он был уверен в том, что душа существует.
    3) а) закреплять, прикреплять;
    запирать;
    заграждать б) мед. перевязывать, перетягивать, стягивать to secure a vein хир. ≈ перевязывать вену Syn: tie
    4) редк. заключать в тюрьму, брать под стражу, лишать свободы Syn: imprison
    5) а) завладевать, овладевать to secure the sympathy of smb. ≈ снискать чью-л. благосклонность, чьи-л. симпатии б) добиваться;
    достигать( цели) ;
    получать спокойный, не знающий тревог;
    безмятежный - a peaceful and * old age тихая и безмятежная старость - to feel * about /as to/ the future не тревожиться о будущем - I have my mind * у меня спокойно на душе уверенный, убежденный( в чем-л.) - * of success уверенный в успехе - to be * of smb.'s affection быть уверенным в чьих-л. чувствах твердый, несомненный;
    непоколебимый;
    стойкий - * belief in smth. непоколебимая вера во что-л. - * hope of salvation твердая надежда на спасение - our victory is * наша победа несомненна (обыкн. from) безопасный, надежно защищенный - * investments надежное помещение капитала - * retreat надежное убежище - a port * from every wind порт, укрытый от всех ветров - to make a country * обеспечить безопасность страны - * from /against/ all enemies надежно защищенный от всех врагов - to be * from danger быть вне опасности - now we can feel * теперь мы можем чувствовать себя в безопасности - here we are * from interruption здесь нам никто не помешает (военное) обеспеченный - * from invasion обеспеченный против вторжения надежный, прочный - * lock надежный замок - * foothold прочная /надежная/ опора - is this ladder *? эта лестница прочная /не сломается/? - the building was *, even in an earthquake дом уцелел даже во время землетрясения надежно укрепленный, скрепленный и т. п. - to make a plank * укрепить /закрепить/ доску - to make the boat * отшвартовать лодку - to make sure that the carriage door is * удостовериться, что дверь вагона заперта находящийся под надежной охраной или в сохранном месте - we have got him * он не может сбежать - are you sure it is *? вы уверены, что это находится в надежном /безопасном/ месте? свободный от сомнений;
    уверенно ожидающий - to be * of a welcome не сомневаться в радушном приеме обеспечивать безопасность, надежно защищать, охранять - to * a town against assault надежно защищать город от нападения (военное) обеспечивать, прикрывать - to * a gap ликвидировать прорыв( спортивное) страховать защищать, обносить стеной, укреплять - a city *d by fortifications укрепленный город - to * a town укреплять город, обносить город стеной укреплять - his last novel *d his reputation его последний роман упрочил его славу гарантировать (что-л.) - to * the liberty of smb. гарантировать кому-л. свободу - to * a retreat обеспечить (себе) отступление - to * a place сохранять за собой место - how can I * myself against consequences? как мне уберечься /оградить себя/ от последствий? - to * smb. from /against/ smth. гарантировать кому-л. безопасность от чего-л. закреплять, скреплять;
    прикреплять - to * a buckle застегнуть пряжку - to * a boat (морское) убирать и крепить шлюпку - to * the anchor for sea убирать якорь по-походному - to * all movable objects закрепить все, что может двигаться( во время качки) запирать, замыкать( дверь, окно) - to * watertight doors( морское) задраивать водонепроницаемые двери запирать и опечатывать (помещение) ;
    перекрывать проход и т. п. получать, приобретать, доставать - to * an order получать заказ - to * a crop собирать урожай - to * a seat at the theatre достать /раздобыть/ билет в театр - to * a good bargain заключить удачную сделку - to * smth. for smb. доставать что-л. для кого-л. - to * an actor for a part найти актера на какую-л. роль добиваться (чего-л.), достигать (какой-л. цели) - to * a treaty добиться заключения договора - to * one's ends добиться своей цели - to * a high government position добиться назначения на высокий пост в правительство( военное) захватывать - to * the line захватить рубеж (юридическое) обеспечивать долг - to * a debt by mortgage брать в долг под закладную предоставлять обеспечение( за кого-л.) - to * a creditor предоставить обеспечение кредитору обеспечивать чье-л. право наследования - to * one's son закрепить за сыном право наследования своего имущества брать под стражу, держать под стражей;
    заключать в тюрьму - the prisoner was at once *d арестованного сейчас же взяли под стражу связывать( кого-л.) - to * a prisoner связать арестованного, одеть на арестованного наручники( редкое) держать, хранить в надежном месте (ценности и т. п.) > to * a vein (медицина) перевязать вену > to * a hold не менять захвата (борьба) the boards of the bridge do not look ~ доски моста не производят впечатления надежных ~ спокойный;
    to feel secure about (или as to) the future не беспокоиться о будущем;
    to live a secure life жить, ни о чем не заботясь ~ a (обыкн. predic) сохранный, в надежном месте;
    I have got him secure он не убежит ~ спокойный;
    to feel secure about (или as to) the future не беспокоиться о будущем;
    to live a secure life жить, ни о чем не заботясь loan secured on landed property заем, обеспеченный недвижимостью secure безопасный, надежный;
    secure hidingplace надежное укрытие;
    secure from (или against) attack защищенный от нападения ~ брать под стражу ~ гарантированный, застрахованный ~ гарантированный ~ гарантировать ~ добиваться;
    достигать (цели) ;
    to secure one's object достичь цели;
    to secure a victory одержать победу ~ доставать, получать;
    to secure tickets for a play получить( или достать) билеты на спектакль ~ закреплять, прикреплять;
    запирать;
    заграждать;
    to secure a vein хир. перевязывать вену;
    to secure a mast укрепить мачту ~ застрахованный ~ надежно защищать ~ обеспеченный ~ обеспечивать ~ обеспечивать безопасность;
    укреплять (город и т. п.) ~ обеспечивать безопасность ~ обеспечивать долг ~ овладевать, завладевать ~ охранять;
    гарантировать, обеспечивать, страховать;
    to secure oneself against all risks застраховать себя от всяких случайностей ~ предоставлять обеспечение, обеспечивать, гарантировать ~ предоставлять обеспечение ~ прочный, надежный;
    верный;
    secure investment верное помещение капитала ~ a (обыкн. predic) сохранный, в надежном месте;
    I have got him secure он не убежит ~ спокойный;
    to feel secure about (или as to) the future не беспокоиться о будущем;
    to live a secure life жить, ни о чем не заботясь ~ уверенный (of - в чем-л.) ;
    secure of success уверенный в успехе ~ закреплять, прикреплять;
    запирать;
    заграждать;
    to secure a vein хир. перевязывать вену;
    to secure a mast укрепить мачту ~ закреплять, прикреплять;
    запирать;
    заграждать;
    to secure a vein хир. перевязывать вену;
    to secure a mast укрепить мачту ~ добиваться;
    достигать (цели) ;
    to secure one's object достичь цели;
    to secure a victory одержать победу ~ foundation незыблемая основа;
    secure stronghold неприступная твердыня secure безопасный, надежный;
    secure hidingplace надежное укрытие;
    secure from (или against) attack защищенный от нападения secure безопасный, надежный;
    secure hidingplace надежное укрытие;
    secure from (или against) attack защищенный от нападения ~ прочный, надежный;
    верный;
    secure investment верное помещение капитала ~ уверенный (of - в чем-л.) ;
    secure of success уверенный в успехе ~ добиваться;
    достигать (цели) ;
    to secure one's object достичь цели;
    to secure a victory одержать победу ~ охранять;
    гарантировать, обеспечивать, страховать;
    to secure oneself against all risks застраховать себя от всяких случайностей ~ foundation незыблемая основа;
    secure stronghold неприступная твердыня ~ доставать, получать;
    to secure tickets for a play получить (или достать) билеты на спектакль

    Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > secure

  • 19 charm

    1. noun
    1) ((a) pleasant quality or attraction: Her charm made up for her lack of beauty.) encanto
    2) (a magical spell: The witch recited a charm.) hechizo
    3) (something believed to have the power of magic or good luck: She wore a lucky charm.) amuleto
    4) (a small ornament that is worn on a chain or bracelet.) amuleto

    2. verb
    1) (to attract and delight: He can charm any woman.) encantar, cautivar, embelesar
    2) (to influence by magic: He charmed the snake from its basket.) encantar, hechizar
    •
    - charmingly
    charm1 n
    1. encanto
    2. amuleto
    charm2 vb encantar
    tr[ʧɑːm]
    1 (quality) encanto
    2 (object) amuleto
    3 (spell) hechizo
    1 (delight) encantar, cautivar, embelesar
    2 (influence or protect by magic) encantar, hechizar
    \
    SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL
    to charm somebody into doing something utilizar sus encantos para que alguien haga algo
    to have a charmed life tener mucha suerte en la vida
    to work like a charm funcionar a las mil maravillas
    charm bracelet pulsera de dijes
    charm ['ʧɑrm] vt
    : encantar, cautivar, fascinar
    1) amulet: amuleto m, talismán m
    2) attraction: encanto m, atractivo m
    it has a certain charm: tiene cierto atractivo
    3) : dije m, colgante m
    charm bracelet: pulsera de dijes
    n.
    • amuleto s.m.
    • atractivo s.m.
    • encanto s.m.
    • ensalmo s.m.
    • galantería s.f.
    • galanura s.f.
    • gracejo s.m.
    • gracia s.f.
    • hechicería s.f.
    • hechizo s.m.
    • maleficio s.m.
    • sandunga s.f.
    • sortilegio s.m.
    v.
    • aojar v.
    • arrebatar v.
    • arrobar v.
    • atraer v.
    (§pres: -traigo, -traes...) pret: -traj-•)
    • cautivar v.
    • embelesar v.
    • encantar v.
    • ensalmar v.
    • hechizar v.

    I tʃɑːrm, tʃɑːm
    1)
    a) u ( attractiveness) encanto m, atractivo m

    to turn on the charm — ponerse* encantador

    b) c (attractive quality, feature) encanto m
    2) c ( spell) hechizo m

    to work/go like a charm — funcionar/ir* or andar* a las mil maravillas

    3) c ( amulet) amuleto m, fetiche m; ( on bracelet) dije m

    II
    1) ( delight) cautivar, embelesar

    he can charm the birds off o out of the trees — es capaz de convencer a cualquiera con sus encantos

    2)
    a) ( bewitch) \<\<snake\>\> encantar
    b) charmed past p

    to lead a charmed life — tener* mucha suerte en la vida

    [tʃɑːm]
    1. N
    1) (=attractiveness) encanto m, atractivo m ; (=pleasantness) simpatía f

    he has great charm — es verdaderamente encantador, tiene un fuerte atractivo

    2) (=magic spell) hechizo m ; (recited) ensalmo m
    3) (=object) dije m, amuleto m
    2. VT
    1) (=delight) encantar
    2) (=entice with charm)
    3) (=bewitch) encantar, hechizar

    charmed circle — círculo m privilegiado

    - lead a charmed life
    3.
    CPD

    charm bracelet N — pulsera f amuleto or de dijes

    charm offensive N — ofensiva f amistosa

    charm school * N — = finishing school

    * * *

    I [tʃɑːrm, tʃɑːm]
    1)
    a) u ( attractiveness) encanto m, atractivo m

    to turn on the charm — ponerse* encantador

    b) c (attractive quality, feature) encanto m
    2) c ( spell) hechizo m

    to work/go like a charm — funcionar/ir* or andar* a las mil maravillas

    3) c ( amulet) amuleto m, fetiche m; ( on bracelet) dije m

    II
    1) ( delight) cautivar, embelesar

    he can charm the birds off o out of the trees — es capaz de convencer a cualquiera con sus encantos

    2)
    a) ( bewitch) \<\<snake\>\> encantar
    b) charmed past p

    to lead a charmed life — tener* mucha suerte en la vida

    English-spanish dictionary > charm

  • 20 good

    good [gʊd]
    bon ⇒ 1A (a)-(d), 1B (a), 1C (a), 1C (c), 1C (d), 1D (a)-(e), 1E (a)-(d), 2 (a) beau ⇒ 1A (a), 1D (b) gentil ⇒ 1B (a) sage ⇒ 1B (b) favorable ⇒ 1C (b) bien ⇒ 2 (a), 2 (b), 3 pour ainsi dire ⇒ 5 pour de bon ⇒ 6
    (compar better ['betə(r)], superl best [best])
    A.
    (a) (enjoyable, pleasant → book, feeling, holiday) bon, agréable; (→ weather) beau (belle);
    ∎ we're good friends nous sommes très amis;
    ∎ we're just good friends on est des amis, c'est tout;
    ∎ she has a good relationship with her staff elle a un bon contact avec ses employés;
    ∎ they have a good sex life sexuellement, tout va bien entre eux;
    ∎ they had a good time ils se sont bien amusés;
    ∎ we had good weather during the holidays il faisait beau pendant nos vacances;
    ∎ good to eat/to hear bon à manger/à entendre;
    ∎ it's good to be home ça fait du bien ou ça fait plaisir de rentrer chez soi;
    ∎ it's good to be alive il fait bon vivre;
    ∎ wait until he's in a good mood attendez qu'il soit de bonne humeur;
    ∎ to feel good être en forme;
    ∎ he doesn't feel good about leaving her alone (worried) ça l'ennuie de la laisser seule; (ashamed) il a honte de la laisser seule;
    ∎ it's too good to be true c'est trop beau pour être vrai ou pour y croire;
    ∎ the good life la belle vie;
    ∎ she's never had it so good! elle n'a jamais eu la vie si belle!;
    ∎ this is as good as you can get or as it gets c'est ce qui se fait de mieux;
    ∎ have a good day! bonne journée!;
    ∎ it's good to see you je suis/nous sommes content(s) de te voir;
    ∎ American familiar good to see you content de te voir;
    ∎ you can have too much of a good thing on se lasse de tout, même du meilleur
    (b) (high quality → clothing, dishes) bon, de bonne qualité; (→ painting, film) bon; (→ food) bon;
    ∎ it's a good school c'est une bonne école;
    ∎ he speaks good English il parle bien anglais;
    ∎ she put her good shoes on elle a mis ses belles chaussures;
    ∎ I need a good suit j'ai besoin d'un bon costume;
    ∎ this house is good enough for me cette maison me suffit;
    ∎ if it's good enough for you, it's good enough for me si ça vous va, alors ça me va aussi;
    ∎ this isn't good enough ça ne va pas;
    ∎ this work isn't good enough ce travail laisse beaucoup à désirer;
    ∎ nothing is too good for her family rien n'est trop beau pour sa famille;
    ∎ it makes good television ça marche bien à la télévision
    (c) (competent, skilful) bon, compétent;
    ∎ do you know a good lawyer? connaissez-vous un bon avocat?;
    ∎ she's a very good doctor c'est un excellent médecin;
    ∎ he's a good swimmer c'est un bon nageur;
    ∎ she's a good listener c'est quelqu'un qui sait écouter;
    ∎ to be good in bed être bien au lit;
    ∎ he's too good for that job il mérite une meilleure situation;
    ∎ to be good at sth être doué pour ou bon en qch;
    ∎ they're good at everything ils sont bons en tout;
    ∎ he's good with children il sait s'y prendre avec les enfants;
    ∎ to be good with one's hands être habile ou adroit de ses mains;
    ∎ they're not good enough to direct the others ils ne sont pas à la hauteur pour diriger les autres;
    ∎ you're as good as he is tu le vaux bien, tu vaux autant que lui;
    ∎ she's as good an artist as you are elle vous vaut en tant qu'artiste;
    ∎ to be good on French history/contract law (author) être bon en histoire de France/sur le droit des contrats;
    ∎ to be good on sth (book) être complet sur qch;
    ∎ the good gardening guide (title of book) le guide du bon jardinier
    (d) (useful) bon;
    ∎ to be good for nothing être bon à rien;
    ∎ this product is also good for cleaning windows ce produit est bien aussi pour nettoyer les vitres
    ∎ good afternoon! (hello) bonjour!; (goodbye) bon après-midi!;
    ∎ good day! British or & American old-fashioned (hello) bonjour!; British old-fashioned (goodbye) adieu!;
    ∎ good evening! bonsoir!;
    ∎ good morning! (hello) bonjour!; (goodbye) au revoir!, bonne journée!
    B.
    (a) (kind) bon, gentil; (loyal, true) bon, véritable; (moral, virtuous) bon;
    ∎ good behaviour or conduct bonne conduite f;
    ∎ she's a good person c'est quelqu'un de bien;
    ∎ he's a good sort c'est un brave type;
    ∎ she proved to be a good friend elle a prouvé qu'elle était une véritable amie;
    ∎ he's been a good husband to her il a été pour elle un bon mari;
    ∎ you're too good for him tu mérites mieux que lui;
    ∎ they took advantage of his good nature ils ont profité de son bon naturel ou caractère;
    ∎ he's a good Christian/communist c'est un bon chrétien/communiste;
    ∎ to lead a good life (comfortable) avoir une belle vie; (moral) mener une vie vertueuse ou exemplaire;
    ∎ they've always been good to me ils ont toujours été gentils avec moi;
    ∎ life has been good to me j'ai eu de la chance dans la vie;
    ∎ that's very good of you c'est très aimable de votre part;
    ∎ he was very good about it il s'est montré très compréhensif;
    ∎ it's good of you to come c'est aimable ou gentil à vous d'être venu;
    ∎ would you be good enough to ask him? auriez-vous la bonté de lui demander?, seriez-vous assez aimable pour lui demander?;
    ∎ would you be good enough to reply by return of post? voudriez-vous avoir l'obligeance de répondre par retour du courrier?;
    ∎ old-fashioned or humorous and how's your good lady? et comment va madame?;
    ∎ old-fashioned or humorous my good man mon brave;
    ∎ literary good men and true des hommes vaillants;
    ∎ literary the good ship Caledonia le Caledonia
    ∎ be good! sois sage!;
    ∎ be a good boy and fetch Mummy's bag sois mignon, va chercher le sac de maman;
    ∎ good dog! (encouraging) oh, le beau chien!; (congratulating) c'est bien, le chien!
    C.
    (a) (desirable, positive) bon, souhaitable; (cause) bon;
    ∎ it's a good thing she's prepared to talk about it c'est une bonne chose qu'elle soit prête à en parler;
    ∎ she had the good fortune to arrive just then elle a eu la chance d'arriver juste à ce moment-là;
    ∎ it's a good job or good thing he decided not to go c'est une chance qu'il ait décidé de ou heureusement qu'il a décidé de ne pas y aller;
    ∎ all good wishes for the New Year tous nos meilleurs vœux pour le nouvel an
    (b) (favourable → contract, deal) avantageux, favorable; (→ opportunity, sign) bon, favorable;
    ∎ to buy sth at a good price acheter qch bon marché ou à un prix avantageux;
    ∎ you've got a good chance tu as toutes tes chances;
    ∎ she's in a good position to help us elle est bien placée pour nous aider;
    ∎ there are good times ahead l'avenir est prometteur;
    ∎ he put in a good word for me with the boss il a glissé un mot en ma faveur au patron;
    ∎ it's looking good (is going well) ça a l'air de bien se passer; (is going to succeed) ça se présente bien;
    ∎ he's looking good (of boxer, athlete, election candidate) il a toutes ses chances
    (c) (convenient, suitable → place, time) bon, propice; (→ choice) bon, convenable;
    ∎ it's a good holiday spot for people with children c'est un lieu de vacances idéal pour ceux qui ont des enfants;
    ∎ is this a good moment to ask him? est-ce un bon moment pour lui demander?;
    ∎ this is as good a time as any autant le faire maintenant;
    ∎ it's as good a way as any to do it c'est une façon comme une autre de le faire
    (d) (beneficial) bon, bienfaisant;
    ∎ protein-rich diets are good for pregnant women les régimes riches en protéines sont bons pour les femmes enceintes;
    ∎ eat your spinach, it's good for you mange tes épinards, c'est bon pour toi;
    ∎ hard work is good for the soul! le travail forme le caractère!;
    ∎ whisky is good for a cold le whisky est bon pour les rhumes;
    ∎ to be good for business être bon pour les affaires;
    ∎ he's not good for her il a une mauvaise influence sur elle;
    ∎ this cold weather isn't good for your health ce froid n'est pas bon pour ta santé ou est mauvais pour toi;
    ∎ it's good for him to spend time outdoors ça lui fait du bien ou c'est bon pour lui de passer du temps dehors;
    ∎ he works more than is good for him il travaille plus qu'il ne faudrait ou devrait;
    ∎ figurative he doesn't know what's good for him il ne sait pas ce qui est bon pour lui;
    ∎ figurative if you know what's good for you, you'll listen si tu as le moindre bon sens, tu m'écouteras
    D.
    (a) (sound, strong) bon, valide;
    ∎ I can do a lot with my good arm je peux faire beaucoup de choses avec mon bras valide;
    ∎ my eyesight/hearing is good j'ai une bonne vue/l'ouïe fine
    (b) (attractive → appearance) bon, beau (belle); (→ features, legs) beau (belle), joli;
    ∎ you're looking good! (healthy) tu as bonne mine!; (well-dressed) tu es très bien!;
    ∎ that colour looks good on him cette couleur lui va bien;
    ∎ she has a good figure elle est bien faite;
    ∎ the vase looks good there le vase rend très bien là
    (c) (valid, well-founded) bon, valable;
    ∎ she had a good excuse/reason for not going elle avait une bonne excuse pour/une bonne raison de ne pas y aller;
    ∎ I wouldn't have come without good reason je ne serais pas venu sans avoir une bonne raison;
    ∎ they made out a good case against drinking tap water ils ont bien expliqué pourquoi il ne fallait pas boire l'eau du robinet
    (d) (reliable, trustworthy → brand, car) bon, sûr; Commerce & Finance (→ cheque) bon; (→ investment, securities) sûr; (→ debt) bon, certain;
    ∎ my passport is good for five years mon passeport est bon ou valable pour cinq ans;
    ∎ this coat is good for another year ce manteau fera encore un an;
    ∎ familiar she's good for another ten years elle en a bien encore pour dix ans;
    ∎ familiar he's always good for a laugh il sait toujours faire rire□ ;
    ∎ how much money are you good for? (do you have) de combien d'argent disposez-vous?;
    ∎ he should be good for a couple of hundred pounds on devrait pouvoir en tirer quelques centaines de livres;
    ∎ they are or their credit is good for £500 on peut leur faire crédit jusqu'à 500 livres
    (e) (honourable, reputable) bon, estimé;
    ∎ they live at a good address ils habitent un quartier chic;
    ∎ to protect their good name pour défendre leur réputation;
    ∎ the firm has a good name la société a (une) bonne réputation;
    ∎ she's from a good family elle est de bonne famille;
    ∎ a family of good standing une famille bien
    E.
    (a) (ample, considerable) bon, considérable;
    ∎ a good amount or deal of money beaucoup d'argent;
    ∎ a good (round) sum une somme rondelette;
    ∎ a good few people pas mal de gens;
    ∎ take good care of your mother prends bien soin de ta mère;
    ∎ to make good money bien gagner sa vie;
    ∎ I make good money je gagne bien ma vie;
    ∎ we still have a good way to go nous avons encore un bon bout de chemin à faire;
    ∎ I was a good way into the book when I realized that… j'avais déjà bien avancé dans ma lecture quand je me suis rendu compte que…;
    ∎ a good thirty years ago il y a bien trente ans;
    ∎ the trip will take you a good two hours il vous faudra deux bonnes heures pour faire le voyage;
    ∎ she's been gone a good while ça fait un bon moment qu'elle est partie;
    ∎ they came in a good second ils ont obtenu une bonne deuxième place;
    ∎ there's a good risk of it happening il y a de grands risques que ça arrive
    (b) (proper, thorough) bon, grand;
    ∎ I gave the house a good cleaning j'ai fait le ménage à fond;
    ∎ have a good cry pleure un bon coup;
    ∎ we had a good laugh on a bien ri;
    ∎ I managed to get a good look at his face j'ai pu bien regarder son visage;
    ∎ take a good look at her regardez-la bien;
    ∎ he got a good spanking il a reçu une bonne fessée;
    ∎ familiar we were good and mad on était carrément furax;
    ∎ she'll call when she's good and ready elle appellera quand elle le voudra bien;
    ∎ I was good and sorry to have invited her j'ai bien regretté de l'avoir invitée
    (c) (acceptable) bon, convenable;
    ∎ we made the trip in good time le voyage n'a pas été trop long;
    ∎ that's all very good or all well and good but→ c'est bien joli ou bien beau tout ça mais…
    (d) (indicating approval) bon, très bien;
    ∎ I'd like a new suit - very good, sir! j'ai besoin d'un nouveau costume - (très) bien, monsieur!;
    ∎ she left him - good! elle l'a quitté - tant mieux!;
    ∎ he's feeling better - good, let him go il va mieux - très bien, laissez-le partir;
    ∎ good, that's settled bon ou bien, voilà une affaire réglée;
    ∎ (that) sounds good! (good idea) bonne idée!;
    ∎ that's a good question c'est une bonne question;
    ∎ familiar that's a good one! (joke) elle est (bien) bonne, celle-là!; ironic (far-fetched story) à d'autres!;
    ∎ familiar good on you or for you! bravo!, très bien!;
    ∎ good old Eric, I knew he wouldn't let us down! ce brave Eric, je savais qu'il ne nous laisserait pas tomber!;
    ∎ good old London le bon vieux Londres;
    ∎ the good old days le bon vieux temps
    (a) (as intensifier) bien, bon;
    ∎ a good hard bed un lit bien dur;
    ∎ I'd like a good hot bath j'ai envie de prendre un bon bain chaud;
    ∎ he needs a good sound spanking il a besoin d'une bonne fessée;
    ∎ the two friends had a good long chat les deux amis ont longuement bavardé;
    ∎ we took a good long walk nous avons fait une bonne ou une grande promenade
    (b) familiar (well) bien□ ;
    ∎ she writes good elle écrit bien;
    ∎ the boss gave it to them good and proper le patron leur a passé un de ces savons;
    ∎ their team beat us good and proper leur équipe nous a battus à plate couture ou à plates coutures;
    ∎ I'll do it when I'm good and ready je le ferai quand ça me chantera;
    ∎ I like my coffee good and strong j'aime le café bien fort;
    ∎ make sure it's stuck on good and hard vérifie que c'est vraiment bien collé;
    ∎ put the paint on good and thick appliquer la peinture en couches bien épaisses
    ∎ to make good (succeed) réussir; (reform) changer de conduite, se refaire une vie;
    ∎ a local boy made good un garçon du pays ou du coin qui a fait son chemin;
    ∎ the prisoner made good his escape le prisonnier est parvenu à s'échapper ou a réussi son évasion;
    ∎ they made good their promise ils ont tenu parole ou ont respecté leur promesse;
    ∎ he made good his position as leader il a assuré sa position de leader;
    ∎ to make sth good (mistake) remédier à qch; (damages, injustice) réparer qch; (losses) compenser qch; (deficit) combler qch; (wall, surface) apporter des finitions à qch;
    ∎ we'll make good any expenses you incur nous vous rembourserons toute dépense;
    ∎ American to make good on sth honorer qch
    3 noun
    (a) (morality, virtue) bien m;
    ∎ they do good ils font le bien;
    ∎ that will do more harm than good ça fera plus de mal que de bien;
    ∎ to return good for evil rendre le bien pour le mal;
    ∎ that organization is a power for good cet organisme exerce une influence salutaire;
    ∎ she recognized the good in him elle a vu ce qu'il y avait de bon en lui;
    ∎ there is good and bad in everyone il y a du bon et du mauvais en chacun de nous;
    ∎ to be up to no good préparer un mauvais coup;
    ∎ their daughter came to no good leur fille a mal tourné;
    ∎ for good or evil, for good or ill pour le bien et pour le mal
    ∎ this book isn't much good to me ce livre ne me sert pas à grand-chose;
    ∎ if it's any good to him si ça peut lui être utile ou lui rendre service;
    ∎ I was never any good at mathematics je n'ai jamais été doué pour les maths, je n'ai jamais été bon ou fort en maths;
    ∎ he's no good il est nul;
    ∎ he'd be no good as a teacher il ne ferait pas un bon professeur;
    ∎ what's the good? à quoi bon?;
    ∎ what good would it do to leave now? à quoi bon partir maintenant?;
    ∎ what good will it do you to see her? ça te servira à quoi ou t'avancera à quoi de la voir?;
    ∎ familiar a fat lot of good that did you! te voilà bien avancé maintenant!;
    ∎ ironic that will do you a lot of good! tu seras bien avancé!, ça te fera une belle jambe!;
    ∎ it's no good, I give up ça ne sert à rien, j'abandonne;
    ∎ it's no good worrying about it ça ne sert à rien de ou ce n'est pas la peine de ou inutile de vous inquiéter;
    ∎ I might as well talk to the wall for all the good it does je ferais aussi bien de parler au mur, pour tout l'effet que ça fait
    (c) (benefit, welfare) bien m;
    ∎ I did it for your own good je l'ai fait pour ton (propre) bien;
    ∎ a holiday will do her good des vacances lui feront du bien;
    ∎ she resigned for the good of her health elle a démissionné pour des raisons de santé;
    ∎ it does my heart good to see you so happy ça me réchauffe le cœur de vous voir si heureux;
    ∎ much good may it do you! grand bien vous fasse!;
    ∎ the common good l'intérêt m commun
    ∎ (people) the good les bons mpl, les gens mpl de bien;
    ∎ the good and the bad les bons et les méchants;
    ∎ only the good die young ce sont toujours les meilleurs qui partent les premiers
    pour ainsi dire, à peu de choses près;
    ∎ I'm as good as blind without my glasses sans lunettes je suis pour ainsi dire aveugle;
    ∎ he's as good as dead c'est comme s'il était mort;
    ∎ the job is as good as finished la tâche est pour ainsi dire ou est pratiquement finie;
    ∎ it's as good as new c'est comme neuf;
    ∎ he as good as admitted he was wrong il a pour ainsi dire reconnu qu'il avait tort;
    ∎ they as good as called us cowards ils n'ont pas dit qu'on était des lâches mais c'était tout comme;
    ∎ are you married? - as good as tu es marié? - non, mais c'est tout comme
    pour de bon;
    ∎ she left for good elle est partie pour de bon;
    ∎ they finally settled down for good ils se sont enfin fixés définitivement;
    ∎ for good and all une (bonne) fois pour toutes, pour de bon;
    ∎ I'm warning you for good and all! c'est la dernière fois que je te le dis!
    ∎ that's all to the good tant mieux;
    ∎ he finished up the card game £15 to the good il a fait 15 livres de bénéfice ou il a gagné 15 livres aux cartes
    ►► the Good Book la Bible;
    Good Friday le vendredi saint;
    American familiar good old boy or good ole boy or good ol' boy (white male from Southern US) = Blanc originaire du sud des États-Unis, aux valeurs traditionnelles; pejorative (redneck) plouc m;
    Bible the Good Samaritan le bon Samaritain;
    figurative good Samaritan bon Samaritain m;
    ∎ she's a real good Samaritan elle a tout du bon Samaritain;
    American Law the good Samaritan laws = lois qui protègent un sauveteur de toutes poursuites éventuelles engagées par le blessé;
    the Good Shepherd le Bon Pasteur
    ✾ Book 'A Good Enough Parent' Bettelheim 'Pour être des parents acceptables'
    ✾ Book 'Good as Gold' Heller 'Franc comme l'or'
    ✾ Film 'The Good, the Bad and the Ugly' Leone 'Le Bon, la brute et le truand'
    ⓘ GOOD FRIDAY En Grande-Bretagne, il est traditionnel, le jour du vendredi saint, de manger des "hot cross buns" (petits pains ronds aux fruits secs, marqués d'une croix).
    ⓘ THE GOOD FRIDAY AGREEMENT Le processus de paix en Irlande du Nord, qui a été amorcé par les cessez-le-feu des groupes paramilitaires républicains et unionistes en 1994, a abouti au "Good Friday Agreement", l'accord de paix signé à Belfast en avril 1998. Cet accord, parrainé par les Premiers ministres britannique et irlandais, et finalement approuvé par le Sinn Féin et par la plupart des partis unionistes, a mis en place la "Northern Ireland Assembly", un parlement quasi autonome avec un partage démocratique du pouvoir entre les communautés protestante et catholique. Cet accord est une étape vers la fin de trente ans de guerre civile en Ulster.
    ⓘ You've never had it so good Ce slogan a été utilisé pour la première fois aux États-Unis en 1952 par les Démocrates. Il signifie "vous êtes aujourd'hui plus prospères que jamais". En Grande-Bretagne, ce slogan est associé au Premier ministre conservateur Harold Macmillan qui l'utilisa dans un discours en 1957. Aujourd'hui, on utilise cette formule sur le mode ironique lorsqu'une situation n'encourage pas du tout à l'optimisme.

    Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > good

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